冀北山区天然林黑桦材性与生长特性相关性研究

为探究黑桦生长特征和材性指标之间的关系，以冀北山区阴坡与半阴坡黑桦天然次生林为对象，从生长特性、解剖特性、物理力学特性方面研究其相关特征。结果表明:1）半阴坡黑桦的胸径、树高、材积生长量高于阴坡黑桦，存在显著差异。2）除顺纹抗压强度外，阴坡黑桦其他物理力学性能均优于半阴坡黑桦，且存在显著性差异。3）黑桦生长特性与解剖特性之间相关性较大；生长特性与物理力学特性之间相关性较小，但与基本密度、顺纹抗压强度相关度较高；基本密度与解剖特性和力学特性之间相关性较大。     

东亚单层低云特性及其短波辐射强迫的季节变化

利用云与地球辐射能量系统CERES(clouds and the earth’s radiant energy system)资料,对2003-2016年东亚不同区域单层低云物理属性及地面短波辐射强迫的季节时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明:①在空间分布上,辐射强迫与单层低云量在春秋两季有着较好的相似性,而与冰/液态水柱含量在春、夏、秋三个季节有着较好的一致性。②在时间变化上,北方地区夏季的单层低云对短波辐射的削弱作用是最强的;南方地区和西北地区最强的削弱作用发生在春季;东部海域则发生在冬季。在空间分布上,春、秋、冬季最强的低云削弱效应在南方地区。夏季,东亚低云对短波辐射的削弱作用各区域都较弱,大部分区域的负辐射强迫的绝对值小于200 W·m^-2。     

番茄生长表型对棉秸秆复合育苗基质理化性质的响应

研究棉秸秆复合育苗基质的理化性质及其与番茄生长表型的关系,旨在为合理高效利用秸秆资源提供理论基础。以棉秸秆复合育苗基质理化性状为自变量,以番茄幼苗生长表型为因变量进行通径分析。腐熟后的棉秸杆在添加AM菌土、菇渣+烟渣混合物和蛭石等基料后可显著提高番茄种子的萌发率(P<0.05);T4（棉秸秆:AM菌土:珍珠岩=3:0.5:1）处理番茄幼苗质量最优且与CK (PINDSTRUP)无显著差异性(P>0.05),棉秸秆混配其他基料后可显著提高容重、降低EC值(P<0.05);通径分析表明,容重、总孔隙度、pH、EC值是影响番茄生长表型的主要因子,其中通气孔隙和持水空隙对其生长表型是协同、促进作用,而其他因素的作用是负向的。适量增加棉秸秆复合育苗基质的通气孔隙和持水空隙,降低容重、pH以及EC值有利于培育番茄壮苗。     

开花期红掌耐寒性评判方法研究

【目的】探究开花期红掌(Anthurium andraeanum)耐寒性判定方法,为不同耐寒性红掌品种的分级管理提供理论依据。【方法】以20个开花期红掌品种为试材,在上海地区冬季大棚自然低温环境下进行种植,观察叶柄、叶片、花柄、苞片的冷害症状,统计各器官冷害指数,通过主成分和聚类分析进行耐寒性研究;根据聚类结果分别在不同耐寒性组中选择1～3个品种再次进行低温试验,并测定低温处理前后叶片的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、相对电导率和丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,进行各指标变化率与耐寒性的相关性分析。【结果】对供试红掌品种各器官冷害指数进行主成分分析,得到20个品种的耐寒性综合得分,结合聚类分析结果将其分为3组,高耐寒组品种包括‘阿拉巴马’、‘艾美拉’、‘粉阿拉巴马’、‘黑皇后’、‘红宝贝’、‘马都拉’、‘潘多拉’、‘紫罗兰’、‘红丰收’、‘红成功’、‘红赢家’、‘白塞拉’、‘紫雷鸟’和‘特伦萨’,中耐寒组品种包括‘皇家布加迪’、‘轰动’、‘红阿里克斯’和‘白雪阿莱西亚’,低耐寒组品种有‘粉冠军’和‘粉爱’,其中‘阿拉巴马’、‘潘多拉’、‘特伦萨’、‘皇家布加迪’、‘轰动’和‘粉冠军’6个品种的耐寒性得到了再次验证。相关性分析结果表明,红掌在低温处理前后叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m的变化率与耐寒性显著正相关,相对电导率变化率与耐寒性极显著负相关,其他指标与耐寒性则没有表现出显著相关性。【结论】自然低温下器官冷害指数的观测可以作为判定开花期红掌耐寒性的一种有效方法,而叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和相对电导率可以作为较为可靠的生理指标应用于红掌耐寒性的分析中。     

免耕和秸秆覆盖对旱作区土壤氮素、水分和春小麦产量的影响

采用随机区组设计进行大田试验,设置传统耕作(CT)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种处理,研究不同处理下旱作区春小麦田的土壤容重、含水量、全氮含量、铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量和小麦产量。结果表明:不同处理实施2 a后,NT和NTS处理的0~10 cm土层土壤容重显著(P<0.05)高于CT和TS处理;TS和NTS处理较CT处理增加了土壤含水量和土壤表层(0~40 cm)全氮含量,就2 a试验平均值而言,TS、NT和NTS处理的土壤含水量较CT处理分别增加8.33%、3.17%和3.82%,TS和NTS处理的土壤全氮含量分别较CT处理显著(P<0.05)增加1.78%和3.48%;但TS、NT和NTS处理的土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量较CT处理显著(P<0.05)降低。从2 a试验平均值看,与CT处理相比,TS和NTS处理的春小麦产量明显增加,而NT处理的春小麦产量下降。     

Soil microstructure alterations induced by land use change for sugarcane expansion in Brazil

Land use change (LUC) alters soil structure and, consequently, the functions and services provided by these soils. Conversion from extensive pasture to sugarcane is one of the largest land transitions in Brazil as a result of the growth of the domestic and global demands of bioenergy. However, the impacts of sugarcane expansion on the soil structure under extensive pasture remains unclear, especially when considering changes at the microscale. We investigated whether LUC for sugarcane cultivation impacted soil microstructure quality. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from two soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) under three contrasting land uses (native vegetation—NV, pasture—PA and sugarcane—SC) in three different locations in the central-southern Brazil. Oriented thin sections (30 μm) were used for micromorphological analysis. The total area of pores decreased following the LUC in the following order: NV > PA > SC in both soil layers. The area of large complex packing pores (>0.01 mm²) also decreased with the LUC sequence: NV>PA>SC. Qualitative and semi-quantitative micromorphological analysis confirmed porosity reduction was driven by the decrease in complex packing pores and that biological features decreased in the same LUC sequence as the quantitative parameters. Therefore, LUC for sugarcane expansion reduced microscale soil porosity, irrespectively of soil type and site-specific conditions, indicating that the adoption of more sustainable management practices is imperative to preserve soil structure and sustain soil functions in Brazilian sugarcane fields.     

2018年6月12日广西暴雨预报失误分析

旨在研究2018年6月12日广西暴雨天气过程出现桂西漏报,桂东空报的原因,为今后预报提供参考,利用常规地面观测资料、探空资料和数值预报产品资料,对天气形势和物理量场进行分析,结果表明：暴雨过程预报不仅要注重大的环流形势分析,还要考虑水汽、能量条件的分析;预报员先入为主的预报思路和过分依赖数值预报产品,使得在其他要素分析的过程中侧重点不同,没有全面把握水汽、能量、动力条件的分析;中短期预报效果不好时,可以通过短时临近预报弥补。     

广东省高水平百米跑运动员体能结构特征模型的构建与应用*

以广东省优秀男子百米跑运动员14人为研究对象，采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、测试法与数理统计法等，运用因子分析法筛选出了有效反映广东省优秀男子百米跑运动员体能水平的9项指标，入选的9项指标可以分别从身体形态、生理机能和运动素质三个层面有效反映运动员的体能水平；并构建了广东省高水平男子百米跑运动员体能水平定量评价模型。     

Field evaluation of soil moisture deficit thresholds for limits to trafficability with slurry spreading equipment on grassland

This study investigated the extent of soil damage caused by field traffic associated with different levels of soil moisture deficit (SMD). The hybrid SMD model was used for computing temporal patterns of SMD which can be accurately predicted for a range of soil types in Ireland. The aim of this study was to determine SMD threshold limits to trafficability for incorporation into a decision support system for safe slurry spreading. A tractor and a fully loaded single‐axle slurry tanker (total weight ca. 18 tonnes) were driven over well, moderate and poorly drained soils at SMD values of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mm during drying phases. The change in soil bulk density (SBD) was used as an indicator of soil compaction, and rut profile measurements were taken to determine soil deformation indicative of surface damage. The effect of traffic on the grass crop was determined by measuring dry matter yield at 30 and 60 days posttraffic in the wheel‐rut and nontrafficked area. Results showed that the SMD at the time of traffic had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the magnitude of the changes in SBD on soils of different drainage status, and on rut dimensions following traffic. DMY was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on the wheeled compared with the nonwheeled soil. No differences in the magnitude of DMY loss were identified between the sites having different drainage status. An SMD value of 10 mm was suggested as an SMD threshold for trafficability for safe slurry spreading purposes.     

长期高营养水平对婆罗门育肥牛血液理化的影响

为了解长期高营养饲喂对婆罗门育肥牛健康的影响,为生产健康、优质牛肉提供理论指导,试验采用自动生化分析仪和试剂盒,以12头相同饲养环境和不同营养水平下饲养的去势婆罗门牛为研究对象,在为期24个月育肥后,分别检测其血液理化指标,并与传统放牧组婆罗门牛的血液理化指标进行了比较。结果表明：测定53个指标中有18个指标随着营养水平的升高有逐渐增加的趋势,即WBC、RBC、HB、HCT、MCHC、PLT、PCT、MPV、P-LCR、TG、TBA、GLU、Cr、HCY、CK、ALP、K+、P5+等,而TP、AST、ALT、GGT和HCO₃- 5个指标等指标随营养水平的升高而降低;其余指标在组间无显著差异。总之,通过加强营养和饲养管理后,育肥牛的血液指标得到改善,提高了动物机体各种脏器功能,更有利于脂肪和肌肉的沉积。去势婆罗门公牛经过长时间（2.5年）的高营养、中营养饲养条件下进行强度直线育肥生产出的优质、高档牛是健康的。